REV-ERB agonist is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2026-06-01. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Common supplier description |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Low solubility in water |
| Typical storage | −20 °C, desiccated, dark | For research samples |
| Analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Used for detection and quantification |
| Regulatory status | Prohibited in sport | WADA metabolic modulator class |
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
Scientific discussion of SR9009 often separates animal evidence from human anecdote. Rodent studies provide controlled data on endurance, metabolism, and gene expression, but they use specific strains, doses, and treatment durations. Human reports are mostly uncontrolled and cannot establish cause and effect. Open questions include oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolic stability, and long-term effects. Review articles generally call for more rigorous pharmacokinetic and safety research before any clinical use could be considered.
Analytical methods for SR9009 typically rely on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique can separate the parent compound from related substances and detect low concentrations in biological matrices. Urine and blood are common samples in anti-doping testing, while in vitro studies may use cell culture media. Rapid metabolism and low expected concentrations make method validation important for reliable identification. Exact metabolite patterns can vary by species and are not fully mapped.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
It is also used off-label in the management of moderate to severe cases of serotonin syndrome, a complex of symptoms associated with the use of serotonergic drugs, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (and monoamine oxidase inhibitors), and in cases of high levels of serotonin in the blood resulting from a serotonin-producing carcinoid tumor. There is uncertainty about the proper dose of cyproheptadine for treatment of serotonin syndrome, with doses of 4 to 16 mg having been employed but doses of 20 to 30 mg possibly actually being necessary based on positron emission tomography (PET) imaging research. Cyproheptadine has sedative effects and can be used to treat insomnia similarly to other centrally-acting antihistamines. The recommended dose for this use is 4 to 8 mg.
British soldiers were fed freshly cooked meals when in camp or barracks and troops on deployment could eat meals from field kitchens whenever possible, but soldiers were also reliant on rations. The British Army issued 24-hour rations intended to sustain troops until composite rations and fresh food could be supplied by field kitchens. An example of such a 24 hour ration pack issued to British and Commonwealth soldiers contained the following: 10 biscuits, two oatmeal blocks, milk, sugar, and tea blocks, four tablets of sugar, one block of meat, two pieces of raisin chocolate and one piece of plain chocolate, boiled sweets, one packet of salt, meat extract tablets, two packets of chewing gum, and four pieces of latrine paper. Composite rations, known as "compo" rations or 14-man rations, were designed to sustain 14 men for one day and came in wooden crates. A composite ration crate would include meats such as bully beef, sausage, spam, steak and kidney pudding, fruit pudding, treacle pudding, soup, beans, cheese, biscuits, jam, margarine, tea, powdered milk, and sugar. The composite ration was introduced at the end of the North African campaign to alleviate nutritional problems caused by Commonwealth rations in North African being largely bully beef and biscuits. Prior to its introduction tinned fruit had been introduced to improve nutrition. On the home front in Britain, mobile canteens were operated to provide Home Guard and civil defence authorities with hot food and fresh tea. A similar system applied to Canadian soldiers.
=== Supercritical fluid deposition === Supercritical fluids can be used to deposit functional nanostructured films and nanometer-size particles of metals onto surfaces. The high diffusivities and concentrations of precursor in the fluid as compared to the vacuum systems used in chemical vapour deposition allow deposition to occur in a surface reaction rate limited regime, providing stable and uniform interfacial growth. This is crucial in developing more powerful electronic components, and metal particles deposited in this way are also powerful catalysts for chemical synthesis and electrochemical reactions. Additionally, due to the high rates of precursor transport in solution, it is possible to coat high surface area particles which under chemical vapour deposition would exhibit depletion near the outlet of the system and also be likely to result in unstable interfacial growth features such as dendrites. The result is very thin and uniform films deposited at rates much faster than atomic layer deposition, the best other tool for particle coating at this size scale.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The kidney is a vital organ with a variety of responsibilities. It plays an important role in maintaining the water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It excretes toxic metabolic degradation products such as urea. It also recovers valuable substances such as glucose, amino acids, peptides and minerals initially filtered out of the blood during ultrafiltration in the renal corpuscles. In addition, endogenous and exogenous substances are metabolized and broken down in the kidneys—the kidney is therefore a central metabolic organ alongside the liver. Finally, some hormone-active substances are secreted by the kidney, such as renin, erythropoietin and calcitriol (active form of vitamin D3). As a result, the organ plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure, new blood formation and the balance of calcium and phosphorus, and is thus crucial to bone metabolism, as well. As carnivores, cats are particularly dependent on the intake of animal proteins because glucose formation from amino acids is their most important energy source. The enzymes of amino acid degradation are adapted to the high protein intake and their activity is largely independent of the protein supply in the diet, so that cats break down endogenous proteins (especially from the muscles) when there is a lack of protein intake (catabolic metabolic state). Meat and offal also contain vital nutrients for the cat, such as Vitamin A, Taurin or arachidonic acid. Compared to a normal human diet, cats consume around six times as much phosphate in their diet with standard cat food.
== Receptors == The anuran BB4 receptor homologue is termed frog BB4 (fBB4). Iwabuchi et al. 2003 discovered a chicken (Gallus domesticus) receptor which is homologous to both the mammalian BB3 and fBB4 and so they named it chBRS-3.5.
Naram-Sin was a son of Manishtushu. He was thus a nephew of King Rimush and grandson of Sargon and Tashlultum. Naram-Sin's aunt was the High Priestess Enheduanna. Most recensions of the Sumerian King List show him following Manishtushu but the Ur III version of the king list inverts the order of Rimush and Manishtushu. To be fully correct, rather than Naram-Sin or Naram-Suen "in Old Akkadian, the name in question should rather be reconstructed as Naram-Suyin (more precisely, /narām-tsuyin/) or Naram-Suʾin (/narām-tsuʾin/)".
Major national road transport routes pass through West Yorkshire, principally the M62, M1, and A1(M). The regional rail network is centred on Leeds, with long-distance intercity services to destinations across Great Britain provided by LNER, CrossCountry, and TransPennine Express.. Most regional and local train services along the Airedale, Wharfedale, Calder Valley, Huddersfield, Wakefield, and Pontefract lines are provided by Northern. Open-access train operating company Grand Central also provides services from Bradford to London via Halifax. Leeds Bradford Airport, located in Yeadon, is Yorkshire’s largest airport. Doncaster Sheffield Airport, formerly the other major passenger airport serving Yorkshire, closed in November 2022. Leeds Bradford Airport is served by Ryanair, Jet2.com, TUI, Wizz Air, Aer Lingus, Aurigny, KLM, SunExpress, and EasyJet, with easyJet due to end its services from the airport in January 2027. In 2024, Leeds Bradford Airport served more than 4.24 million passengers. Towards the end of her first mayoral term in West Yorkshire, Tracy Brabin announced her decision to improve bus services in the region by introducing bus franchising rather than continuing with an enhanced partnership under the existing privatised model. In May 2025, the Weaver Network brand was unveiled as the future identity for public transport in West Yorkshire, progressively replacing the West Yorkshire Metro brand ahead of the launch of franchised bus services.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Atmosphere of Venus === The Venus Express orbiter collected Venus science data from April 2006 until December 2014. In 2008, Piccioni, et al. reported measurements of night-side airglow emission in the atmosphere of Venus made with the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) on Venus Express. They attributed emission bands in wavelength ranges of 1.40–1.49 micrometers and 2.6–3.14 micrometers to vibrational transitions of OH. This was the first evidence for OH in the atmosphere of any planet other than Earth.
The Cephalopoda descended from a mollusc resembling the Monoplacophora in the Cambrian some 530 million years ago. The Coleoidea, which brought their shells inside the body, diverged from the nautiloids in the Devonian some 416 million years ago. Around 276 million years ago, during the Permian, the coleoids split into two groups, the Vampyropoda and the Decabrachia. The octopuses arose from the Muensterelloidea within the Vampyropoda in the Jurassic. The earliest octopus likely lived near the sea floor (benthic to demersal) in shallow marine environments. Octopuses consist mostly of soft tissue, and so fossils are relatively rare. As soft-bodied cephalopods, they lack the external shell of most molluscs, including other cephalopods like the nautiloids and the (extinct) Ammonoidea. They have eight limbs like other Coleoidea, but lack the extra specialised feeding appendages known as tentacles which are longer and thinner with suckers only at their club-like ends. The vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis) also lacks tentacles but has sensory filaments. The cladograms are based on Sanchez et al., 2018, who created a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA marker sequences. The position of the Eledonidae is from Ibáñez et al., 2020, with a similar methodology. Divergence dates are from Kröger et al., 2011 and Fuchs et al., 2019.
=== Additional references === Bean, Matt (June 8, 2001). "Lethal injection—the humane alternative?". Court TV. Archived from the original on June 25, 2001. Bonsor, Kevin (May 3, 2001). "How Lethal Injection Works". HowStuffWorks.com. Greenmeier, Larry (October 27, 2010). "Cruel and Usual?: Is Capital Punishment by Lethal Injection Quick and Painless?". Scientific American. Heath, Mark (2007). "The Medicalization of Execution: Lethal Injection in the United States". Public Health Behind Bars. Springer. pp. 88–99. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71695-4_7. ISBN 978-0-387-71694-7. Koniaris, Leonidas G.; et al. (2005). "Inadequate anesthesia in lethal injection for execution". The Lancet. 365 (9468): 1412–1414. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66377-5. PMID 15836890. S2CID 31192408. Liptak, Adam (October 7, 2003). "Critics Say Execution Drug May Hide Suffering". The New York Times. Vassallo, Susi (June 2008). "Thiopental in Lethal Injection" (PDF). Fordham Urban Law Journal. 35 (4): 957–968. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2016. "Principles of Medical Ethics". American Medical Association. June 2001. "Prisoners 'aware' in executions". BBC News. April 14, 2005.
=== Organic synthesis === Acetonitrile is a common two-carbon building block in organic synthesis of many useful chemicals, including acetamidine hydrochloride, thiamine, and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, along with more complex nitriles. Its reaction with cyanogen chloride affords malononitrile.
== Properties == N-Methylethanolamine is a clear, colorless, hygroscopic, amine-like smelling liquid which is miscible with water and ethanol in any ratio. Aqueous solutions react strongly basic and are therefore corrosive. The substance is easily biodegradable and has no potential of bioaccumulation due to its water miscibility. NMEA is not mutagenic, but in the presence of nitrite, carcinogenic nitrosamines can be formed from the compound, as it is a secondary amine.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is sold as a research chemical, but sports and medicine regulations restrict it.
Detection commonly uses liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the compound in urine or blood at low concentrations.
Typical guidance is −20 °C, dry, and protected from light. Solutions should be aliquoted and limited freeze–thaw cycles should be used.
The most common approach is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, often after extraction from blood, urine, or tissue. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are used mainly for reference material characterization. Isotope-labeled internal standards improve accuracy.