If you have been reading about REV-ERB and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Updated 2025-12-17. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also referred to as Stenabolic in non-scientific contexts. |
| Chemical class | Synthetic small molecule | Not a steroid or peptide hormone. |
| Receptor target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptor agonist in preclinical studies. |
| Development status | Investigational | No approved human therapeutic indication. |
| Regulatory attention | Prohibited in sport | Listed by anti-doping authorities. |
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
Regulatory agencies have not approved SR9009 for human therapeutic use. It is typically sold as a research chemical with labels stating that it is not for human consumption. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits the substance in sport, generally under the category of non-approved substances. Customs and national laws may restrict importation, sale, or possession. Product quality and legal status can vary by country and vendor, and therapeutic claims are not permitted in regulated advertising because the compound lacks approval.
==== Adsorption and fusion ==== Sendai virus initiates infection process by host cell adsorption mediated by the recognition of specific receptor molecules. Hemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) serves as a virus cell attachment protein that interacts with a specific cell entry receptor. NH has sialidase activity, and it is capable of cleaving sialic acid residues from the cell receptor. This cleavage triggers the fusion process of viral envelope and cell membrane, which promotes by cooperation of NH with the viral fusion protein (F). The SeV F-protein as other Paramyxovirus structural fusion proteins is a trimeric molecule that belongs to class I viral membrane fusion proteins. To perform the fusion function F protein must be proteolytically activated from it precursor inactive form F0. This activation requires F0 cleavage by host serine protease before the virus adsorption (see the section "proteolytic cleavage by cellular proteases"). F0 must be cleaved by the host protease into F1 and F2 subunits that remained connected through a disulfide covalent bond. The cleavage site in the F0-protein is located N-terminal to the fusion peptide which has N-terminal hepta-repeat 1 (HR1) and C-terminal Hepta-Repeat 2 (HR2) domains. The illustration below shows 5 stages of the fusion of the virus envelope and cellular host membrane. 1) The pre-fusion, F protein (highlighted in red) is protruding from the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope and is in a close proximity to the cellular membrane.
Birches native to Eurasia include Betula albosinensis – Chinese red birch (northern + central China) Betula alnoides – alder-leaf birch (China, Himalayas, northern Indochina) Betula ashburneri – (Bhutan, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan Provinces in China) Betula baschkirica – (eastern European Russia) Betula bomiensis – (Tibet) Betula browicziana – (Turkey and Georgia) Betula buggsii – (China) Betula calcicola – (Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China) Betula celtiberica – (Spain and Portugal) Betula chichibuensis – (Chichibu region of Japan) Betula chinensis – Chinese dwarf birch (China, Korea) Betula coriaceifolia – (Uzbekistan) Betula corylifolia – (Honshu Island in Japan) Betula costata – (northeastern China, Korea, Primorye region of Russia) Betula cylindrostachya – (Himalayas, southern China, Myanmar) Betula dahurica – (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan) Betula delavayi – (Tibet, southern China) Betula ermanii – Erman's birch (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Korea, Japan) Betula falcata – (Tajikistan) Betula fargesii – (Chongqing + Hubei Provinces in China) Betula fruticosa – (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan) Betula globispica – (Honshu Island in Japan) Betula gmelinii – (Siberia, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, Hokkaido Island in Japan) Betula grossa – Japanese cherry birch (Japan) Betula gynoterminalis – (Yunnan Province in China) Betula honanensis – (Henan Province in China) Betula humilis or Betula kamtschatica – Kamchatka birch platyphylla (northern + central Europe, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Korea) Betula insignis – (southern China) Betula karagandensis – (Kazakhstan) Betula klokovii – (Ukraine) Betula kotulae – (Ukraine) Betula luminifera – (China) Betula maximowicziana – monarch birch (Japan, Kuril Islands) Betula medwediewii – Caucasian birch (Turkey, Iran, Caucasus) Betula megrelica – (Republic of Georgia) Betula microphylla – (Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan) Betula nana – dwarf birch (northern + central Europe, Russia, Siberia, Greenland, Northwest Territories of Canada)) Betula pendula – silver birch (widespread in Europe and northern Asia; Morocco; naturalized in New Zealand and scattered locations in US + Canada) Betula platyphylla – (Betula pendula var. platyphylla) – Siberian silver birch (Siberia, Russian Far East, Manchuria, Korea, Japan, Alaska, western Canada) Betula potamophila – (Tajikistan) Betula potaninii – (southern China) Betula psammophila – (Kazakhstan) Betula pubescens – downy birch, also known as white, European white or hairy birch (Europe, Siberia, Greenland, Newfoundland; naturalized in scattered locations in US) Betula raddeana – (Caucasus) Betula saksarensis – (Khakassiya region of Siberia) Betula saviczii – (Kazakhstan) Betula schmidtii – (northeastern China, Korea, Japan, Primorye region of Russia) Betula sunanensis – (Gansu Province of China) Betula szechuanica – (Betula pendula var. szechuanica)—Sichuan birch (Tibet, southern China) Betula tianshanica – (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang, Mongolia) Betula utilis – Himalayan birch (Afghanistan, Central Asia, China, Tibet, Himalayas) Betula wuyiensis – (Fujian Province of China) Betula zinserlingii – (Kyrgyzstan) Note: many American texts have B. pendula and B. pubescens confused, though they are distinct species with different chromosome numbers.
Small molecule targets Protein targets Cells and tissues Multiple rounds of selection and counter-selection are performed as part of each Optimer discovery process. Each discovery process can be adapted to include specific target, assay and buffer conditions to improve Optimer selection.
==== Consumer behavior ==== Modern technology has enabled Generation Z to take advantage of the on-demand economy, defined as "the economic activity created by technology companies that fulfill consumer demand via the immediate provisioning of goods and service." Generation Z tends to value utility and quality over brand name. Authenticity is critical. Having been raised by Generation X and grown up in a recession, members of Generation Z are quick to verify claims. Being consistent users of the Internet and social media in particular, they frequently employ these tools to learn more about a certain product or service they are interested in. Product specifications, vendor ratings, and peer reviews are all important. They tend to be skeptical and will shun firms whose actions and values are contradictory. There is a fair amount of interest in in-person shopping rather than over the Internet, a potentially positive development for brick-and-mortar stores. Products with comprehensible ingredients and simple packaging are preferred. In recognition of the tastes of large segments of Generation Z, the next cohort of young consumers, a number of brands, such as M&M's, have moved their advertising and mascots away from the sexual appeal and towards a more anxious but casual style. Generation Z's shopping habits are affected by social media networks and their impact on mental health. Gen-Z consumers are less likely to pay a premium for what they want compared to their counterparts from emerging economies.
The School of Clinical Medicine is the medical school of the University of Cambridge in England. The Cambridge Graduate Course in Medicine (A101) is the most competitive course offered by the university and in the UK, and is among the most competitive medical programmes for entry in the world. The school is located alongside Addenbrooke's Hospital and other institutions in multiple buildings across the Cambridge Biomedical Campus.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Applications == NanoSIMS can capture the spatial variability of isotopic and elemental measurements of sub-micron areas, grains or inclusions from geological, materials science and biological samples. This instrument can characterise nanostructured materials with complex composition that are increasingly important candidates for energy generation and storage.
== VEGFR-2 == VEGFR-2 is a 210-230 kDa glycoprotein expressed in vascular endothelial cells and in hematopoietic stem cells and binds VEGF-A. VEGFR-2 is closely related to VEGFR-1 for they have common and specific ligands but VEGFR-2 is a highly active kinase while VEGFR1 is an impaired receptor tyrosine kinase. This receptor is a regulator in responses in the endothelial cells of VEGF. These regulations include permeability, proliferation, invasion and migration. The signaling pathways, Y1175 and Y1214, are the main autophosphorylation sites of the human VEGFR-2 followed by VEGF binding. Autophosphorylated VEGFR-2 is required for activation of several downstream pathways, which are hyperactivated in some tumors. These signaling pathways are important in tumor angiogenesis, which stimulates tumor growth by supplying the tumor with oxygen and nutrients. VEGFR-2 is overexpressed in several cancers, for example ovarian, thyroid, melanoma and medulloblastoma.
==== Off-label medications ==== Three other classes of medications are also used to treat binge eating disorder: antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and anti-obesity medications. Antidepressant medications of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class have been found to effectively reduce episodes of binge eating and reduce weight. Similarly, anticonvulsant medications such as topiramate and zonisamide may be able to effectively suppress appetite. The long-term effectiveness of medication for binge eating disorder is currently unknown. For BED patients with bipolar mania, risperidone is recommended. If BED patients have bipolar depression, lamotrigine is the appropriate choice. Trials of antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and anti-obesity medications suggest that these medications are superior to placebo in reducing binge eating. Medications are not considered the treatment of choice because psychotherapeutic approaches, such as CBT, are more effective than medications for binge eating disorder. A meta-analysis concluded that using medications did not reduce binge-eating episodes and BMI posttreatment at 6–12 months. This indicates the possibility of relapse from not taking the medication anymore. Medications also do not increase the effectiveness of psychotherapy, though some patients may benefit from anticonvulsant and anti-obesity medications, such as phentermine/topiramate, for weight loss. Blocking opioid receptors decreases food intake. Additionally, naltrexone/bupropion together may cause weight loss.
Kurt Wüthrich (born 4 October 1938 in Aarberg, Canton of Bern) is a Swiss chemist/biophysicist and Nobel Chemistry laureate, known for developing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods for studying biological macromolecules.
==== Petitions to reconstitute former states ==== With the Paris Agreements in 1954, West Germany regained (limited) sovereignty. This triggered the start of the one-year period as set in paragraph 2 of Article 29. As a consequence, eight petitions for referendums were launched, six of which were successful:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Even after the 1947 partition, the Muslims from India kept migrating to Pakistan, especially Karachi and Sindh province. Wars in neighbouring Afghanistan in the 1980s and 1990s pushed millions of Afghan refugees into Pakistan, mainly in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and tribal areas, with some in Karachi and Quetta. Pakistan hosts one of the world's largest refugee populations. Additionally, around 2 million Bengalis and half a million undocumented individuals, purportedly from Myanmar, reside in Pakistan. Pakistan ordered the mass expulsion of undocumented Afghans in October 2023, citing national security risks. Migration of Bengalis and Rohingya to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued till 1998. Karachi hosts a significant number of Bengali settlements, and large Rohingya migration made it one of their largest populations outside Myanmar. Karachi's Burmese community resides in various slums across the city. According to BBC, thousands of Uyghur Muslims live in Gilgit-Baltistan, some left Xinjiang, China and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949, while others are later arrivals, claiming to escape political oppression. Since 1989, thousands of Kashmiri Muslim refugees fled to Pakistan, alleging rape and forced displacement by Indian soldiers.
The PPII helix is defined by (φ,ψ) backbone dihedral angles of roughly (-75°, 150°) and trans isomers of the peptide bonds. The rotation angle Ω per residue of any polypeptide helix with trans isomers is given by the equation
In his introduction, he praised Chomsky as "a very vocal and important voice in the wilderness of intellectual life in America" and said that he was "delighted to welcome a person who I think we're all very proud of". Sanders hosted and produced a public-access television program, Bernie Speaks with the Community, from 1986 to 1988. He collaborated with 30 Vermont musicians to record a folk album, We Shall Overcome, in 1987. That same year, US News & World Report ranked Sanders one of America's best mayors. As of 2013, Burlington was regarded as one of the most livable cities in the United States. During a trip to the Soviet Union in 1988, Sanders interviewed the mayor of Burlington's sister city Yaroslavl about housing and health care issues in the two cities. When Sanders left office in 1989, Bouricius, a member of the Burlington city council, said that Sanders had "changed the entire nature of politics in Burlington and also in the state of Vermont".
==== Nanoparticles ==== An efficient way to synthesize protein-polymer hybrid nanoparticles is to take advantage of photoinitiated reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization-induced self-assembly(PISA) by using multi-RAFT modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a macromolecular chain transfer agent. RAFT mediated growth of the PHPMA chains will graft from the BSA-RAFT, and increase the hydrophobicity of the star BSA−PHPMA conjugates. At the critical aggregation concentration, they form nanoparticles due to the hydrophobic interactions. The resulting nanoparticles show excellent encapsulation capability for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules, such as cancer drugs and DNA. A rather easy method to prepare protein-polymer hybrid nanoparticles is nanoprecipitation. Spherical nanoparticles composed of BSA-PMMA with diameters of around 100 nm were obtained and the water insoluble chemotherapeutic drug camptothecin was encapsulated within the hydrophobic core consisting of PMMA. Such protein-polymer hybrid nanoparticles possess tunable sizes and surface charges, have attractive bio-compatibilities and allow efficient cell uptake. Camptothecin-encapsulated BSA-PMMA nanoparticles revealed enhanced anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in animals. Beyond the nanoscale, protein-polymer conjugate could also be used as building blocks for constructing more complicated structures such as microcapsules through hydrophobic interactions.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic compound studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has mainly been examined in laboratory and animal research.
No. It is a small molecule that binds nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation. Its classification differs from anabolic steroids or peptide hormones.
Published human clinical trial data are lacking. Most safety and activity information comes from preclinical models, so effects in people remain uncertain.
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.